Exosomes are small, membrane-bound vesicles secreted by most cell types, including cancer cells. They range in size from 30 to 150 nanometers in diameter and contain various bio-molecules, such as proteins, lipids, RNA, and DNA. Exosomes play a role in intercellular communication, as they can be taken up by other cells and transfer their contents, including genetic material, to recipient cells. This transfer of information can affect a huge range of cellular processes that includes proliferation, differentiation, and immune response. Exosomes have been found to have a role in many physiological and pathological processes, including cancer, inflammation, and neurodegenerative diseases, and are being investigated as potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets. Exosomes are produced by cells through the endocytic pathway. The process begins with forming an early endosome, which then matures into a late endosome that eventually fuses with the cell membrane, releasing the exosome into the...
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